Present Participle Perfect - Cовершенное причастие

Present Participle Perfect или Perfect Participle I Перфектное или совершенное причастие является сложной формой Причастия I с характерным ing-окончанием, смещенным на вспомогательный (первый) глагол.   Active Passive Perfect Participle I having asked having been asked Эта форма употребляется для выражения действия, предшествующего действию, выраженному глаголом-сказуемым, и употребляется только в функции обстоятельства. Действительный залог В роли определения Perfect Participle I не употребляется в роли определения. Поэтому русское причастие прошедшего времени с суффиксом –вш- переводится на английский язык придаточным предложением. Например: Все знают имя человека, совершившего это открытие. Everybody knows the name of the man who made ( а не having made) that discovery. Этот спортсмен, пробежавший длинную дистанцию, выиграл соревнование. The sportsman who had run (а не having run) a long distance won the competition. В роли обстоятельства Present Participle Perfect выражает действие, предшествующее действию, выраженному сказуемым предложения и может употребляться в роли обстоятельства причины или времени. Такие причастные обороты обычно, но не всегда, отделяются запятой и на русский язык  в большинстве случаев переводятся оборотом с деепричастием совершенного вида. 1) В причастных оборотах для выражения обстоятельств причины (такие обороты соответствуют придаточным переложениям с глаголом в Perfect) : Having missed the train he spent the whole night at the station. (=As he had missed the train…) Опоздав на поезд, он провел целую ночь на вокзале. (=Так как он опоздал на поезд…) Having lost the key, they couldn’t get in. (=As they had lost the key…) Потеряв ключ, они не могли войти в комнату. (=Так как они потеряли ключ…) 2) В роли обстоятельства времени, когда хотят подчеркнуть, что действие, выраженное причастием, предшествовало действию сказуемого предложения, или между этими двумя действиями был разрыв во времени. Having finished school he went to Oxford. Окончив школу, он поступил в Оксфорд. Having dressed he rushed out of the room. (=After he had dressed…) Одевшись, он выскочил из комнаты. (=После того как он оделся…) Когда же речь идет о двух действиях, непрерывно следующих одно за другим, и нет необходимости особо подчеркивать предшествование действия, выраженного причастием, то употребляется не перфектное, а простое Причастие I. Opening the window, he looked out of it. Открыв окно, он выглянул на улицу. В этом случае наряду с причастием часто употребляется герундий с предлогом on (реже after), который на русский язык переводится деепричастием совершенного вида: On arriving at the town, they went straight to the hotel. Приехав в город, они отправился прямо в отель. Обратите внимание: Причастие I перфектное в функции обстоятельства и герундий с предлогами after и on свойственны литературному стилю, особенно техническим текстам: Having done this work they went home. Сделав эту работу, они пошли домой. Having translated the text, the student began to do the exercises. Переведя текст, студент начал делать упражнения. В разговорном стиле предпочтение отдается придаточным предложениям c Past Perfect: When (After) they had done this work they went home. Когда они сделали эту работу, они пошли домой. After (When) the student had translated the text, he began to do the exercises. После того как студент перевел текст, он начал делать упражнения. Или еще проще (если нет потери смысла, то предпочтение всегда отдается более простым формам): They had done this work and went home. Они сделали эту работу и пошли домой. The student translated the text and began to do the exercises. Студент перевел текст и начал делать упражнения. Страдательный залог Употребляется в роли обстоятельства причины и времени, на русский язык переводится придаточным предложением со сказуемым в прошедшем времени. В русском языке соответствует малоупотребительной форме деепричастия был показан, был дан. В современном языке употребляется придаточное предложение, вводимое словами: так как, после того как, т. д. Having been shown the wrong direction he lost his way. Так как ему не правильно показали дорогу, он заблудился. Having been forbidden to go out, I stayed at home. Я остался дома, так как мне запретили выходить. Эта форма употребляется редко, лишь в литературе, особенно научно-технической, а в обычной речи здесь можно использовать Past Indefinite в Passive, например: Havingbeen given the toy the child stopped crying. = After (When) the child was given the toy, he stopped crying. | После того как (Когда) ребенку дали игрушку, он перестал плакать.

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Сводные таблицы спряжения английских глаголов

Сводные таблицы спряжения английских глаголов В данном материале привены сводные таблицы спряжения английских глаголов. Личные формы в действительном (Active Voice) и страдательном (Passive Voice) залогах (видовременные формы глаголов). Неличные формы глагола - Инфинитив (Infinitive), Герундий (Gerund), Причастие (Participle). Вид → Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous Время ↓ I или II (-ed форма) to be + IV (-ing форма) to have + III (-ed форма) to be + IV (-ing форма) Present I / I-s am / is / are + IV have / has + III have /has been + IV Past II was / were + IV had + III had been + IV Future will / shall +I will / shall be + IV will / shall have + III will / shall have been + IV Future in the Past would / should + I would / should be + IV would / should have + III would / should have been + IV Неличные формы глагола Инфинитив to I to be + IV to have + III to have been +IV Герундий IV - having + III - Причастие I IV - having + III - Причастие II - - - - Обратите внимание: Вы можете перейти к соответствующим разделам Грамматики, щелкнув по нужной форме глагола в ячейках таблицы. Страдательный залог (Passive Voice) Вид → Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perf. Cont. Время ↓ to be + III (-ed форма) to be + III (-ed форма) to be + III (-ed форма) - Present am / is / are + III am / is / are being + III have/has been + III - Past was / were + III was / were being + III had been + III - Future will / shall be + III - will / shall have been + III - Future in the Past would / should be +III - would / should have been + III - Неличные формы глагола Инфинитив to be + III - to have been + III - Герундий being + III - having been + III - Причастие I being + III - having been + III - Причастие II III - - - Обратите внимание: Для перехода к Грамматике - Личные формы: Таблица Страдательный залог, Образование форм Passive, Типы конструкций, Употребление, Перевод; Неличные формы - кликнуть по форме глагола в ячейках таблицы. 1. Indefinite Время Личные местоимения Глагольная форма Случаи употребления Вспом. гл. Смысл. гл. Present Действительный залог Действие совершается обычно, вообще, ежедневно, часто, редко и т. п., но не сейчас. В действ. залоге вопросительные и отрицательные формы образуются с помощью частицы do (does - 3-е лицо ед. ч.) I, we, you, they ---- I he, she, it ---- I-s I ask. - Я спрашиваю (обычно, часто); He asks. Do I ask ? I do not ask. Does he ask ? Страдательный залог I am III he, she, it is we, you, they are I am asked. - Меня спрашивают Past Действительный залог Действие совершилось в прошлом, обычно с указ. прошедшего. времени. В действ. залоге вопросительные и отрицательные формы образуются с did I, he, she, it, we, you, they ----- II I asked. - Я спрашивал (спросил). Did I ask ? I did not ask. Страдательный залог I, he, she, it was III we, you, they were I was asked yesterday. -Меня спросили вчера. Future Действительный залог Когда речь идет о действии (однократном или повторяющемся), которое совершится в будущем (по отношению к моменту речи). I, we shall I he, she, it, you, they will I shall (I’ll) ask. - Я спрошу, буду спрашивать. Shall I ask ? I shall not ask. Страдательный залог I, we shall be III he, she, it, you, they will be I shall be asked. - Меня спросят. Future in the Past Действительный залог Выражает будущее действие по отношению к прошедшему моменту. Употребляется в придаточных предложениях, когда сказуемое главного предложения стоит в прошедшем времени. I, we should I he, she, it, you, they would I said that I should ask. - Я сказал, что спрошу. Страдательный залог I, we should be III he, she, it, you, they would be I said that I should ( I’d) be asked. - Я сказал, что меня спросят. 2. Continuous Время Личные местоимения Глагольная форма Случаи употребления Вспом. гл. Смысл. гл. Present Действительный залог Действие совершается сейчас, в настоящий момент (или настоящий период времени). А также для обозначения намерения или уверенности в совершении будущего действия (пример: спрошу сегодня вечером) I am IV he, she, it is we, you, they are I am (I’m) asking. - Я спрашиваю (сейчас). Am I asking ? I am not asking. Страдательный залог I am being III he, she, it is being we, you, they are being I am being asked. - Меня сейчас спрашивают. Am I being asked ? I am (I’m) not being asked. Past Действительный залог Незаконченное длительное действие, которое совершалось в указанный момент в прошлом (в 8 часов, с 5 до 8 ч., весь день, летом, когда он пришел и т. д.). I, he, she, it was IV we, you, they were I was asking - Я спрашивал (в то время как) Was I asking ? I was not asking. Страдательный залог I, he, she, it was being III we, you, they were being I was being asked when he came. - Меня спрашивали, когда он пришел. (в то время как) Was I being asked ? I was not being asked. Future Действительный залог Незаконченное длительное действие, которое будет происходить в указанный момент в будущем (в 10 часов, когда она придет и т. д.). I, we shall be IV he, she, it, you, they will be I shall ( I’ll)be asking- Я буду спрашивать (в то время как …) Shall I be asking ? I shall not be asking. Формы страдательного залога нет. Future in the Past Действительный залог Незаконченное будущее длительное действие по отношению к прошедшему моменту (употребляется в придаточных предложениях). I, we should be IV he, she, it, you, they would be I said that I should ( I’d) be asking all day. - Я сказал, что я буду спрашивать весь день. Формы страдательного залога нет. 3. Perfect Время Личные местоимения Глагольная форма Случаи употребления Вспом. гл. Смысл. гл. Present Действительный залог Действие, законченное к моменту речи. Наличие результата связывает свершившееся действие с настоящим. (В русском яз. соответствует прошедшему времени) I, we, you, they have III he, she, it has I have ( I’ve) asked. - Я спросил (уже). Have I asked ? I have ( I’ve) not asked.(haven’t) Страдательный залог I, we, you, they have been III he, she, it has been I have been asked today.- Меня спросили сегодня. Past Действительный залог Прошедшее действие, закончившееся до указанного момента в прошлом ( к 8 часам, к воскресенью, когда она вошла и т. д.). I, he, she, it, we, you, they had III I had (I’d) asked.- Я уже спросил(к; прежде чем) Had I asked ? I had ( I’d) not asked. (hadn’t) Страдательный залог I, he, she, it, we, you, they had been III I had been asked when you came. - Меня уже спросили, когда ты пришел. (прежде чем ) Future Действительный залог Будущее действие, которое будет закончено до определенного момента в будущем, выраженного указанием времени или ранее другого будущего действия. I, we shall have III he, she, it, you, they will have I shall have asked. -Я уже спрошу (прежде чем). Shall I have asked ? I shall (I’ll) not have asked. Страдательный залог I, we shall have been III he, she, it, you, they will have been I shall have been asked. - Меня спросят (уже). Future in the Past Действительный залог Будущее законченное действие по отношению к прошедшему времени. Употребляется в придаточных предложениях, когда сказуемое главного предложения стоит в прошедшем времени. I, we should have III he, she, it, you, they would have He said that he would have asked by 6 o’clock. - Он сказал, что спросит (уже) к 6 часам. Страдательный залог I, we should have been III he, she, it, you, they would have been He said that he would have been asked by 6 o’clock.- Он сказал, что его уже спросят к 6ч. 4. Perfect Continuous Время Личные местоимения Глагольная форма Случаи употребления Вспом. гл. Смысл. гл. Present Действительный залог Длительное действие, начавшееся в прошлом и все еще продолжающееся, либо закончившееся только что (с указанием длительности периода) I, we, you, they have been IV he, she, it has been I have ( I’ve) been asking for you for 2 hours. - Я спрашиваю тебя уже в течении 2-х часов. = Я спрашивал тебя уже в течении 2-х часов. Have I been asking ? I have not been asking. Формы страдательного залога нет. Past Действительный залог Длительное действие, начавшееся в прошлом и продолжающееся (или только что закончившееся) в момент наступления другого прошедшего действия, выраженного в Past Indefinite. I, he, she, it, we, you, they had been IV I had (I’d)been asking for you for an hour before she came. - Я уже спрашивал тебя в течение часа до того, как она пришла. Had I been asking ? I had not been asking. Формы страдательного залога нет. Future Действительный залог Будущее длительное действие, которое начнется ранее другого будущего действия и будет еще продолжаться в момент его наступления или закончится к этому моменту. I, we shall have been IV he, she, it, you, they will have been I shall have been asking for you for an hour before she come. - Я буду спрашивать тебя уже в течение часа до того, как она придет. Shall I have been asking ? I shall not have been asking. Формы страдательного залога нет. Future in the Past Действительный залог Употребляется в придаточных предложениях вместо простого Future тогда, когда сказуемое главного предложения стоит в прошедшем времени. I, we should have been IV he, she, it, you, they would have been I said that I should have been asking for you for an hour before she come. - Я сказал, что я буду спрашивать тебя уже в течение часа до того, как она придет. Формы страдательного залога нет. Неличные формы глагола (по лицам и числам не изменяются) 1. Инфинитив Вид Действительный залог Страдательный залог Вспомогательный глагол Смысловой глагол Вспомогательный глагол Смысловой глагол Indefinite - to I to be III to ask - спросить, спрашивать (вообще) to be asked - быть спрошенным, спрашиваемым (вообще) Обозначает действие, которое происходит одновременно с действием, выраженным глаголом в личной форме. Continuous to be IV - - to be asking - спрашивать (все еще, в какой-нибудь определенный момент) - Обозначает длительное действие, которое происходит одновременно с действием, выраженным глаголом в личной форме. Perfect to have III to have been III to have asked - спросить, спрашивать (уже, до чего-то, раньше). to have been asked - быть спрошенным (уже, до чего-то, раньше). Обозначает действие, предшествующее действию, выраженному глаголом в личной форме. Perfect Continuous to have been IV - - to have been asking - спрашивать (в течение отрезка времени, до определенного момента) - Обозначает длительное действие, предшествующее действию, выраженному глаголом в личной форме. 2. Герундий - Gerund Вид Действительный залог Страдательный залог Вспомогательный глагол Смысловой глагол Вспомогательный глагол Смысловой глагол Indefinite - IV being III asking - "спрашивание", спрашивать being asked - будучи спрошен (-ным) Выражает действие, одновременное с действием, выраженным глаголом-сказуемым (в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем) Perfect having III having been III having asked - спросил (уже, до чего-либо) having been asked - был спрошен (уже, ранее) Выражает действие, предшествующее действию, выраженному глаголом-сказуемым. 3. Participle ( Причастие ) Форма причастия Переходные глаголы Непереходные глаголы Действительный залог (Active) Страдательный залог (Passive) Действительный залог (Active) Вспом. Смысл. Вспом. Смысл. Вспом. Смысл. Present Participle или Participle I - IV being III - IV asking -спрашивающий; спрашивая (вообще) being asked - спрашиваемый; будучи спрошен (ным), (вообще) coming - приходящий, приходя (вообще) Обозначает действие, одновременное с действием, выраженным глаголом-сказуемым (в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем). Perfect Participle (I) having III having been III having III having asked - спросив (ши), (уже, до чего-то) having been asked - уже был спрошен (до чего-то, уже) having come - придя (уже, до чего-то) Обозначает действие, предшествующее действию, выраженному глаголом-сказуемым. Past Participle или Participle II ----- ----- - III - III ----- asked - спрошенный, спрашиваемый Эта форма самостоятельно не употр., а служит для образования времен гр. Perfect. Обозначает законченное действие, произведенное над каким-либо объектом, либо действие, совершающееся обычно, вообще. Обратите внимание: I форма - Инфинитив (Infinitive), форма глагола, приводимая в словарях. II форма – Форма прошедшего времени (Past Indefinite). III форма – Форма причастия прошедшего времени (Past Participle или Participle II). IV форма – Форма причастия настоящего времени (Present Participle или Participle I) и герундия (Gerund). -s форма – в 3-м Лице Единственного числа Настоящего времени (Present Indefinite) глагол принимает окончание –s (-es). Вторая и третья формы образуются для правильных глаголов прибавлением к форме инфинитива окончания –ed (омонимы - образуются и произносятся одинаково, но имеют разное значение и применение). Неправильные глаголы образуют эти формы иным путем. См еще: Программа-тестер спряжения английских глаголов

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Сказка The Gardener and the Manor - Садовник и усадьба

Сказка The Gardener and the Manor - Садовник и усадьба About one Danish mile from the capital stood an old manor-house, with thick walls, towers, and pointed gable-ends. Here lived, but only in the summer-season, a rich and courtly family. This manor-house was the best and the most beautiful of all the houses they owned. It looked outside as if it had just been cast in a foundry, and within it was comfort itself. The family arms were carved in stone over the door; beautiful roses twined about the arms and the balcony; a grass-plot extended before the house with red-thorn and white-thorn, and many rare flowers grew even outside the conservatory. The manor kept also a very skillful gardener. It was a real pleasure to see the flower-garden, the orchard, and the kitchen-garden. There was still to be seen a portion of the manor’s original garden, a few box-tree hedges cut in shape of crowns and pyramids, and behind these two mighty old trees almost always without leaves. One might almost think that a storm or water-spout had scattered great lumps of manure on their branches, but each lump was a bird’s-nest. A swarm of rooks and crows from time immemorial had built their nests here. It was a townful of birds, and the birds were the manorial lords here. They did not care for the proprietors, the manor’s oldest family branch, nor for the present owner of the manor,—these were nothing to them; but they bore with the wandering creatures below them, notwithstanding that once in a while they shot with guns in a way that made the birds’ back-bones shiver, and made every bird fly up, crying “Rak, Rak!” The gardener very often explained to the master the necessity of felling the old trees, as they did not look well, and by taking them away they would probably also get rid of the screaming birds, which would seek another place. But he never could be induced either to give up the trees or the swarm of birds the manor could not spare them, as they were relics of the good old times, that ought always to be kept in remembrance. “The trees are the birds’ heritage by this time!” said the master. “So let them keep them, my good Larsen.” Larsen was the gardener’s name, but that is of very little consequence in this story. “Haven’t you room enough to work in, little Larsen? Have you not the flower-garden, the green-houses, the orchard and the kitchen-garden!” He cared for them, he kept them in order and cultivated them with zeal and ability, and the family knew it; but they did not conceal from him that they often tasted fruits and saw flowers in other houses that surpassed what he had in his garden, and that was a sore trial to the gardener, who always wished to do the best, and really did the best he could. He was good-hearted, and a faithful servant. The owner sent one day for him, and told him kindly that the day before, at a party given by some friends of rank, they had eaten apples and pears which were so juicy and well-flavored that all the guests had loudly expressed their admiration. To be sure, they were not native fruits, but they ought by all means to be introduced here, and to be acclimatized if possible. They learned that the frtiit was bought of one of the first fruit-dealers in the city, and the gardener was to ride to town and find out about where they came from, and then order some slips for grafting. The gardener was very well acquainted with the dealer, because he was the very person to whom he sold the fruit that grew in the manor-garden, beyond what was needed by the family. So the gardener went to town and asked the fruit-dealer where he had found those apples and pears that were praised so highly. “They are from your own garden,” said the fruit-dealer, and he showed him, both the apples and pears, which he recognized. Now, how happy the gardener felt! He hastened back to his master, and told him that the apples and pears were all from his own garden. But he would not believe it. “It cannot be possible, Larsen. Can you get a written certificate of that from the fruit-dealer?” And that he could; and brought him a written certificate. “That is certainly wonderful!” said the family. And now every day were set on the table great dishes filled with beautiful apples and pears from their own garden; bushels and barrels of these fruits were sent to friends in the city and country, nay, were even sent abroad. It was exceedifigly pleasant; but when they talked with the gardener they said that the last two seasons had been remarkably favorable for fruits, and that fruits had done well all over the country. Some time passed. The family were at dinner at court. The next day the gardener was sent for. They had eaten melons at the royal table which they found very juicy and well-flavored; they came from his Majesty’s green-house. “You must go and see the court-gardener, and let him give you some seeds of those melons.” “But the gardener at the court got his melon-seeds from us,” said the gardener, highly delighted. “But then that man understands how to bring the fruit to a higher perfection,” was the answer. “Each particular melon was delicious.” “Well; then, I really may feel proud,” said the gardener. “I must tell your lordship that the gardener at the court did not succeed very well with his melons this year, and so, seeing how beautiful ours looked, he tasted them and ordered from me three of them for the castle.” “Larsen, do not pretend to say that those were melons from our garden.” “Really, I dare say as much,” said the gardener, who went to the court-gardener and got from him a written certificate to the effect that the melons on the royal. table were from the manor. That was certainly a great surprise to the family, and they did not keep the story to themselves. Melon-seeds were sent far and wide, in the same way as had been done with the slips, which they were now hearing had begun to take, and to bear fruit of an excellent kind. The fruit was named after the manor, and the name was written in English, German, and French. This was something they never had dreamed of. “We are afraid that the gardener will come to think too much of himself,” said they; but he looked on it in another way: what he wished was to get the reputation of being one of the best gardeners in the country, and to produce every year something exquisite out of all sorts of garden stuff, and that he did. But he often had to hear that the fruits which he first brought, the apples and pears, were after all the best. All other kinds of fruits were inferior to these. The melons, too, were very good, but they belonged to quite another species. His strawberries were very excellent, but by no means better than many others; and when it happened one year that his radishes did not succeed, they only spoke of them, and not of other good things he had made succeed. It really seemed as if the family felt some relief in saying “It won’t turn out well this year, little Larsen!” They seemed quite glad when they could say “It won’t turn out well!” The gardener used always twice a week to bring them fresh flowers, tastefully arranged, and the colors by his arrangements were brought out in stronger light. “You have good taste, Larsen,” said the owner, “but that is a gift from our Lord, not from yourself.” One day the gardener brought a great crystal vase with a floating leaf of a white water-lily, upon which was laid, with its long thick stalk descending into the water, a sparkling blue flower as large as a sunflower. “The sacred lotos of Hindostan!” exclaimed the family. They had never seen such a flower; it was placed every day in the sunshine, and in the evening under artificial light. Every one who saw it found it wonderfully beautiful and rare; and that said the most noble young lady in the country, the wise and kind-hearted princess. The lord of the manor deemed it an honor to present her with the flower, and the princess took it with her to the castle. Now the master of the house went down to the garden to pluck another flower of the same sort, but he could not find any. So he sent for the gardener, and asked him where he kept the blue lotos. “I have been looking for it in vain,” said he. “I went into the conservatory, and round about the flower-garden.” “No, it is not there!” said the gardener. “It is nothing else than a common flower from the kitchen-garden, but do you not find it beautiful? It looks as if it was the blue cactus, and yet it is only a kitchen-herb. It is the flower of the artichoke!” “You should have told us that at the time!” said the master. “We supposed of course that it was a strange and rare flower. You have made us ridiculous in the eyes of the young princess! She saw the flower in our house and thought it beautiful. She did not know the flower, and she is versed in botany, too, but then that has nothing to do with kitchen-herbs. How could you take it into your head, my good Larsen, to put such a flower up in our drawing-room? It makes us ridiculous.” And the magnificent blue flower from the kitchen-garden was turned out of the drawing-room, which was not at all the place for it. The master made his apology to the princess, telling her that it was only a kitchen-herb which the gardener had taken into his head to exhibit, but that he had been well reprimanded for it. “That was a pity,” said the princess, “for he has really opened our eyes to see the beauty of a flower in a place where we should not have thought of looking for it. Our gardener shall every day, as long as the artichoke is in bloom, bring one of them up into the drawing-room.” Then the master told his gardener that he might again bring them a fresh artichoke-flower. “It is, after all, a very nice flower,” said he, “and a truly remarkable one.” And so the gardener was praised again. “Larsen likes that,” said the master; “he is a spoiled child.” In the autumn there came up a great gale, which increased so violently in the night that. several large trees in the outskirts of the wood were torn up by the roots; and to the great grief of the household, but to the gardener’s delight, the two big trees blew down, with all their birds’-nests on them. In the manor-house they heard during the storm the screaming of rooks and crows, beating their wings against the windows. “Now I suppose you are happy, Larsen,” said the master: “the storm has felled the trees, and the birds have gone off to the woods; there is nothing left from the good old days; it is all gone, and we are very sorry for it.” The gardener said nothing, but he thought of what he long had turned over in his mind, how he could make that pretty sunny spot very useful, so that it could become an ornament to the garden and a pride to the family. The great trees which had been blown down had shattered the venerable hedge of box, that was cut into fanciful shapes. Here he set out a multitude of plants that were not to be seen in other gardens. He made an earthen wall, on which he planted all sorts of native flowers from the fields and woods. What no other gardener had ever thought of planting in the manor-garden he planted, giving each its appropriate soil, and the plants were in sunlight or shadow according as each species required. He cared tenderly for them, and they grew up finely. The juniper-tree from the heaths of Jutland rose in shape and color like the Italian cypress; the shining, thorny Christ-thorn, as green in the winter’s cold as in the summer’s sun, was splendid to see. In the foreground grew ferns of various species: some of them looked as if they were children of the palm-tree; others, as if they were parents of the pretty plants called “Venus’s golden locks” or “Maiden-hair.” Here stood the despised burdock, which is so beautiful in its freshness that it looks well even in a bouquet. The burdock stood in a dry place, but below in the moist soil grew the colt’s-foot, also a despised plant, but yet most picturesque, with its tall stem and large leaf. Like a candelabrum with a multitude of branches six feet high, and with flower over against flower, rose the mullein, a mere field plant. Here stood the woodroof and the lily of the valley, the wild calla and the fine three-leaved wood-sorrel. It was a wonder to see all this beauty! In the front grew in rows very small peartrees from French soil, trained on wires. By plenty of sun and good care they soon bore as juicy fruits as in their own country. Instead of the two old leafless trees was placed a tall flag-staff, where the flag of Dannebrog was displayed; and near by stood another pole, where the hop-tendril in summer or harvest-time wound its fragrant flowers; but in winter-time, after ancient custom, oat-sheaves were fastened to it, that the birds of the air might find here a good meal in the happy Christmas-time. “Our good Larsen is growing sentimental as he grows old,” said the family; “but he is faithful, and quite attached to us.” In one of the illustrated papers there was a picture at New Year’s of the old manor, with the flag-staff and the oat-sheaves for the birds of the air, and the paper said that the old manor had preserved that beautiful old custom, and deserved great credit for it. “They beat the drum for all Larsen’s doings,” said the family. “He is a lucky fellow, and we may almost be proud of having such a man in our service.” But they were not a bit proud of it. They were very well aware that they were the lords of the manor; they could give Larsen warning, in fact, but they did not. They were good people, and fortunate it is for every Mr. Larsen that there are so many good people like them. Yes, that is the story of the gardener and the manor. Now you may think a little about it.

Смотреть далее | 08.07.2014 | Отправить ссылку друзьям

Past Participle (Participle II) - Причастие прошедшего времени

Past Participle (Participle II) - Причастие прошедшего времени (имеет только форму страдательного залога)   Active Passive Participle II ----- asked Причастие II является страдательным причастием (образуемым только от переходных глаголов) и соответствует русскому страдательному причастию прошедшего времени, обозначая законченное действие, выполненное над каким-либо объектом. По своему значению оно выражает результат этого действия (как признак или состояние). Может выражать или действие одновременное с действием, выраженным глаголом-сказуемым или действие, безотносительное ко времени, однако в большинстве случаев выражает действие, предшествовавшее действию, выраженному глаголом-сказуемым. Причастие II имеет те же синтаксические функции, что и Причастие I: определения (в основном) и реже – обстоятельства. В роли определения В роли определения к существительному (какой?, какая?, какие? и д.т.) одиночное причастие обычно находится перед определяемым словом, а с зависящими от него словами (причастный оборот) всегда ставится после определяемого существительного. 1) Перед существительным, как отглагольное прилагательное со страдательным значением. На русский язык переводится причастием прошедшего времени и показывает, что действие выполнялось над описываемым предметом: the fallen trees поваленные деревья a stolen bag украденная сумка a well-known journalist хорошо известный журналист The faded leaves fell to the ground. Увядшие листья упали на землю. The broken cup was on the floor. Разбитая чашка лежала на полу. 2) После существительного может находиться как одиночное причастие (реже), так и причастие с поясняющими его словами (определительный причастный оборот). На русский язык переводится причастием страдательного залога прошедшего времени или сказуемым в страдательном залоге придаточного определительного предложения, вводимого словом который. The book taken from the library was interesting. Книга, взятая (=которую мы взяли) из библиотеки, была интересная. The room furnished rather simply was large enough. Комната, обставленная довольно просто, была достаточно большой. Дополнительным признаком, характеризующим эту форму, как причастие, является наличие предлога by (соответствует русскому творительному падежу кем?, чем?), за которым следует предложное дополнение. The cup broken by the boy was on the floor. Чашка, разбитая мальчиком, лежала на полу. The girl invited by my friends was charming. Девушка, приглашенная моим другом, была очаровательной. (а не: Девушка пригласила…) После существительного может стоять и одиночное причастие, при переводе на русский язык оно обычно ставится перед определяемым словом. (или переводится придаточным предложением после определяемого слова) The telegram sent was signed by the director. | Отправленная телеграмма была подписана директором. А если причастие, играющее роль определения, образовано от глагола, который требует предложного дополнения, то перевод этого причастия или оборота придаточным предложением следует начинать с этого предлога с последующим словом который, например: The doctor sent for lived in the next village. | Доктор, за которым послали, жил в соседней деревне. Если в предложении рядом стоят два слова с окончанием –ed (характерно для технической литературы, инструкций и т.п.), то, как правило, первое из них - определение к слову, находящемуся слева от него, а второе - сказуемое предложения в прошедшем времени. The method used proved to be very effective. Применяемый метод оказался очень эффективным. The program corrected proved useful. Исправленная программа оказалась полезной. В роли обстоятельства Причастие в роли обстоятельства всегда обозначает второе действие при глаголе-сказуемом и отвечает на вопрос когда? как? почему? и т.д. происходит (происходило, будет происходить) главное действие, выраженное глаголом-сказуемым предложения. Frightened by the dog, the child began to cry. Испугавшись собаки, ребенок начал плакать.(почему?) Причастие вместе с поясняющими словами образует причастный оборот, выражающий обстоятельства времени, причины, условия и др. На русский язык такой оборот переводится по разному, но чаще - придаточным предложением с глаголом в страдательном залоге, вводимым союзами так как, поскольку, когда и т.п., в котором повторяется подлежащее всего предложения, если оборот зависимый (если оборот не имеет своего собственного подлежащего). Причастие переводится тем же временем (настоящим, прошедшим, будущим), что и сказуемое главного предложения. Причастный оборот в роли обстоятельства обычно (но не всегда) выделяется запятыми. Written in pencil, the article was difficult to read. Так как статья была написана карандашом, ее трудно было читать. Pressed for time, I couldn’t even have breakfast. Так как у меня не было времени, я не смог даже позавтракать. Обратите внимание: Оборот written in pencil стоит в начале предложения, перед определяемым словом, а значит в роли обстоятельства, а не определения, так как определительный оборот должен находиться после. Поэтому этот оборот должен быть ответом на вопрос Почему?, а не на вопрос Какая? Причастный оборот может находиться в начале или в конце предложения и часто вводится союзами, уточняющими характер обстоятельства, например: when - когда, though - хотя, if - если, если бы, unless - если…не, until - пока…не и др.: When called, he refused to come. Когдаего позвали, он отказался прийти. When asked (=when he was asked), he looked at us and was silent. Когдаего спрашивали, он смотрел на нас и молчал. They will leave, unless stopped. Они уйдут, если их не остановить. If invited, I’ll go there. Еслименя пригласят, я поеду туда. Кроме того входит в состав сложных глагольных форм Причастие II (причастие прошедшего времени) не имеет сложных форм. Наличие перед ним вспомогательных глаголов указывает на то, что оно входит в состав сложной глагольной формы. а) Причастие II используется в качестве смыслового глагола во всех формах Perfect. Сюда относятся как личные формы - Present, Past и Future Perfect, так и неличные – Инфинитив, Герундий и Причастие I в Perfect. Все эти сложные формы образуются из сочетания вспомогательного глагола to have (в соответствующем спряжении) + смыслового глагола в форме Причастия II (она же III-я форма глагола или ed- форма). Например: We have received the letter today. | Мы получили (это) письмо сегодня. (Present Perfect) I was sorry to have(Perfect Infinitive) missed the train. | Мне было жаль, что я пропустил поезд. Having translated the article he put the dictionary on the shelf. (Perfect Participle I) | Переведя статью, он поставил словарь на полку. Thank you for having helped me. (Perfect Gerund) | Благодарю вас за то, что помогли мне. б) Все формы Страдательного залога (Passive Voice), как личные, так и неличные, образуются сочетанием вспомогательного глагола to be (в соответствующем спряжении) + смыслового глагола в форме Причастия II. Например: The door is locked. | Дверь заперта.(Present Indefinite Passive) I want to be informed of her arrival. | Я хочу, чтобы меня информировали о ее приезде. (Indefinite Infinitive Passive) You havebeen warned. | Вас предупредили. (Present Perfect Passive) I like being invited to their house. | Мне нравится, когда меня приглашают к ним домой. (Indefinite Gerund Passive) Being asked, he always answer all the questions. | Если его спросить, он всегда ответит на все вопросы. (Participle I Passive)

Смотреть далее | 07.07.2014 | Отправить ссылку друзьям

Сказка The Flea and the Professor - Блоха и профессор

Сказка The Flea and the Professor - Блоха и профессор There was once an aeronaut with whom things went badly; the balloon burst, tumbled the man out, and broke into bits. His boy he had two minutes before sent down with a parachute,—that was the boy’s luck; he was unhurt and went about with knowledge enough to make him an aeronaut too, but he had no balloon and no means of acquiring one. But live he must, and so he applied himself to the art of legerdemain and to talking in his stomach; in fact he became a ventriloquist, as they say. He was young, good-looking, and when he got a moustache and had his best clothes on, he could be taken for a nobleman’s son. The ladies seemed to think well of him; one young lady even was so taken with his charms and his great dexterity that she went off with him to foreign parts. There he called himself Professor—he could scarcely do less. His constant thought was how to get himself a balloon and go up into the air with his little wife, but as yet they had no means. “They’ll come yet,” said he. “If only they would,” said she. “We are young folks,” said he, “and now I am Professor.” She helped him faithfully, sat at the door and sold tickets to the exhibition, and it was a chilly sort of pleasure in winter time. She also helped him in the line of his art. He put his wife in a table-drawer, a large table-drawer; then she crawled into the back part of the drawer, and so was not in the front part,—quite an optical illusion to the audience. But one evening when he drew the drawer out, she was also out of sight to him: she was not in the front drawer, not in the back one either, not in the house itself—nowhere to be seen or heard— that was her feat of legerdemain, her entertainment. She never came back again; she was tired of it all, and he grew tired of it, lost his good-humor, could not laugh or make jokes;—and so the people stopped coming, his earnings became scanty, his clothes gave out; and finally he only owned a great flea, which his wife had left him, and so he thought highly of it. And he dressed the flea and taught it to perform, to present arms and to fire a cannon off,—but it was a little cannon. The Professor was proud of the flea, and the flea was proud of himself; he had learned something, and had human blood, and had been besides to the largest cities, had been seen by princes and princesses, had received their high praise, and it was printed in the newspapers and on placards. Plainly it was a very famous flea and could support a Professor and his entire family. The flea was proud and famous, and yet when he and the Professor traveled they took fourth-class carriages on the railway; they went just as quickly as the first class. They were betrothed to each other; it was a private engagement that would never come out; they never would marry, the flea would remain a bachelor and the Professor a widower. That made it balance. “Where one has the best luck,” said the Professor, “there one ought to go twice.” He was a good judge of character, and that is also a science of itself. At last he had traveled over all countries except the wild ones, and so he wanted to go there. They eat Christian men there, to be sure, the Professor knew, but then he was not properly Christian and the flea was not properly a man, so he thought they might venture to travel there and have good success. They traveled by steamship and by sailing vessel; the flea performed his tricks, and so they got a free passage on the way and arrived at the wild country. Here reigned a little Princess. She was only eight years old, but she was reigning. She had taken away the power from her father and mother, for she had a will, and then she was extraordinarily beautiful—and rude. Just as soon as the flea had presented arms and fired off the cannon, she was so enraptured with him that she said, “Him or nobody!” She became quite wild with love and was already wild in other ways. “Sweet, little, sensible child!” said her own father. “If one could only first make a man of him!” “Leave that to me, old man,” said she, and that was not well said by a little Princess when talking with her father, but she was wild. She set the flea on her white hand. “Now you are a man, reigning with me, but you shall do what I want you to, or else I’ll kill you and eat the Professor.” The Professor had a great hall to live in. The walls were made of sugar-cane, and he could lick them, but he was not a sweet-tooth. He had a hammock to sleep in. It was as if he were lying in a balloon, such as he had always wished for himself—that was his constant thought. The flea lived with the Princess, sat upon her delicate hand and upon her white neck. She had taken a hair from her head and made the Professor tie it to the flea’s leg, and so she kept him tied to the great red coral drop which she wore in her ear-tip. What a delightful time the Princess had, and the flea too, she thought, but the Professor was not very comfortable. He was a traveler; he liked to drive from town to town, and read about his perseverance and cleverness in teaching a flea to do what men do. But he got out of and into his hammock, lounged about and had good feeding, fresh bird’s-eggs, elephant’s eyes and roast giraffe. People that eat men do not live entirely on cooked men—no, that is a great delicacy. “Shoulder of children with sharp sauce,” said the Princess’s mother, “is the most delicate.” The Professor was tired of it all and would rather go away from the wild land, but he must have his flea with him, for that was his prodigy, and his bread and butter. How was he to get hold of him? That was no easy matter. He strained all his wits, and then he said, “Now I have it.” “Princess’s Father! grant me a favor. May I summon your subjects to present themselves before your Royal Highness? That is what is called a Ceremony in the high and mighty countries of the world. “Can I, too, learn to do that?” asked the Princess’s father. “That is not quite proper,” replied the Professor; “but I shall teach your wild Fathership to fire a cannon off. It goes off with a bang. One sits high up aloft, and then off it goes or down he comes.” “Let me crack it off!” said the Princess’s father. But in all the land there was no cannon except the one the flea had brought, and that was so very small. “I will cast a bigger one!” said the Professor. “Only give me the means. I must have fine silk stuff, needle and thread, rope and cord, together with cordial drops for the balloon, they blow one up so easily and give one the heaves; they are what make the report in the cannons s inside.” “By all means,” said the Princess’s father, and gave him what he called for. All the court and the entire population came together to see the great cannon cast. The Professor did not summon them before he had the balloon entirely ready to be filled and go up: The flea sat on the Princess’s hand and looked on. The balloon was filled, it bulged out and could scarcely be held down, so violent did it become. “I must have it up in the air before it can be cooled off,” said the Professor, and took his seat in the car which hung below. “But I cannot manage and steer it alone. I must have a skillful companion along to help me. There is no one here that can do that except the flea.” “I am not very willing to let him,” said the Princess, but still she reached out and handed the flea to the Professor, who placed him on his hand. “Let go the cords and ropes,” he shouted. “Now the balloon’s going.” They thought he said “the cannon,” and so the balloon went higher and higher, up above the clouds, far away from the wild land. The little Princess, all the family and the people sat and waited—they are waiting still; and if you do not believe it, just take a journey to the wild land; every child there talks about the Professor and the flea, and believes that they are coming back when the cannon is cooled off; but they will not come, they are at home with us, they are in their native country, they travel on the railway, first class, not fourth; they have good success, a great balloon. Nobody asks how they got their balloon or where it came from: they are rich folks now, quite respectable folks, indeed—the flea and the Professor!

Смотреть далее | 07.07.2014 | Отправить ссылку друзьям

Сказка The Farm-Yard Cock and the Weather-Cock - Дворовый петух и флюгер

Сказка The Farm-Yard Cock and the Weather-Cock - Дворовый петух и флюгер There were two cocks—one on the dung-hill, the other on the roof. They were both arrogant, but which of the two rendered most service? Tell us your opinion—we’ll keep to ours just the same though. The poultry yard was divided by some planks from another yard in which there was a dung-hill, and on the dung-hill lay and grew a large cucumber which was conscious of being a hot-bed plant. “One is born to that,” said the cucumber to itself. “Not all can be born cucumbers; there must be other things, too. The hens, the ducks, and all the animals in the next yard are creatures too. Now I have a great opinion of the yard cock on the plank; he is certainly of much more importance than the weather-cock who is placed so high and can’t even creak, much less crow. The latter has neither hens nor chicks, and only thinks of himself and perspires verdigris. No, the yard cock is really a cock! His step is a dance! His crowing is music, and wherever he goes one knows what a trumpeter is like! If he would only come in here! Even if he ate me up stump, stalk, and all, and I had to dissolve in his body, it would be a happy death,” said the cucumber. In the night there was a terrible storm. The hens, chicks, and even the cock sought shelter; the wind tore down the planks between the two yards with a crash; the tiles came tumbling down, but the weather-cock sat firm. He did not even turn round, for he could not; and yet he was young and freshly cast, but prudent and sedate. He had been born old, and did not at all resemble the birds flying in the air—the sparrows, and the swallows; no, he despised them, these mean little piping birds, these common whistlers. He admitted that the pigeons, large and white and shining like mother-o’-pearl, looked like a kind of weather-cock; but they were fat and stupid, and all their thoughts and endeavours were directed to filling themselves with food, and besides, they were tiresome things to converse with. The birds of passage had also paid the weather-cock a visit and told him of foreign countries, of airy caravans and robber stories that made one’s hair stand on end. All this was new and interesting; that is, for the first time, but afterwards, as the weather-cock found out, they repeated themselves and always told the same stories, and that’s very tedious, and there was no one with whom one could associate, for one and all were stale and small-minded. “The world is no good!” he said. “Everything in it is so stupid.” The weather-cock was puffed up, and that quality would have made him interesting in the eyes of the cucumber if it had known it, but it had eyes only for the yard cock, who was now in the yard with it. The wind had blown the planks, but the storm was over. “What do you think of that crowing?” said the yard cock to the hens and chickens. “It was a little rough—it wanted elegance.” And the hens and chickens came up on the dung-hill, and the cock strutted about like a lord. “Garden plant!” he said to the cucumber, and in that one word his deep learning showed itself, and it forgot that he was pecking at her and eating it up. “A happy death!” The hens and the chickens came, for where one runs the others run too; they clucked, and chirped, and looked at the cock, and were proud that he was of their kind. “Cock-a-doodle-doo!” he crowed, “the chickens will grow up into great hens at once, if I cry it out in the poultry-yard of the world!” And hens and chicks clucked and chirped, and the cock announced a great piece of news. “A cock can lay an egg! And do you know what’s in that egg? A basilisk. No one can stand the sight of such a thing; people know that, and now you know it too—you know what is in me, and what a champion of all cocks I am!” With that the yard cock flapped his wings, made his comb swell up, and crowed again; and they all shuddered, the hens and the little chicks—but they were very proud that one of their number was such a champion of all cocks. They clucked and chirped till the weather-cock heard; he heard it; but he did not stir. “Everything is very stupid,” the weather-cock said to himself. “The yard cock lays no eggs, and I am too lazy to do so; if I liked, I could lay a wind-egg. But the world is not worth even a wind-egg. Everything is so stupid! I don’t want to sit here any longer.” With that the weather-cock broke off; but he did not kill the yard cock, although the hens said that had been his intention. And what is the moral? “Better to crow than to be puffed up and break off!”

Смотреть далее | 06.07.2014 | Отправить ссылку друзьям

Сказка The Cripple - Калека

Сказка The Cripple - Калека There was an old country-house which belonged to young, wealthy people. They had riches and blessings, they liked to enjoy themselves, but they did good as well, they wished to make everybody as happy as they were themselves. On Christmas Eve a beautifully decorated Christmas tree stood in the old hall, where the fire burned in the chimney, and fir branches were hung round the old pictures. Here were assembled the family and their guests, and there was dancing and singing. Earlier in the evening there had been Christmas gaiety in the servants’ hall. Here also was a great fir-tree with red and white candles, small Danish flags, swans and fishing-nets, cut out of coloured paper, and filled with goodies. The poor children from the neighbourhood were invited, every one had his mother with him. The mothers did not look much at the Christmas-tree, but at the Christmas table, where there lay linen and woollen cloth—stuff for gowns and stuff for trousers. They and the bigger children looked there, only the very little ones stretched out their hands to the candles, and the tinsel and flags. The whole party came early in the afternoon and got Christmas porridge and roast goose with red cabbage. Then when the Christmas-tree was seen and the gifts distributed, each got a little glass of punch with apple fritters. Then they went back to their own poor homes and talked of the good living, that is to say good things to eat; and the gifts were once more inspected. There were now Garden Kirsten and Garden Ole. They were married, and had their house and daily bread for weeding and digging in the garden of the big house. Every Christmas festival they got a good share of the gifts; they had five children, and all of them were clothed by the family. “They are generous people, our master and mistress,” said they, “but they have the means to be so, and they have pleasure in doing it.” “Here are good clothes for the four children to wear,” said Ole; “but why is there nothing for the cripple? They used to think about him too, although he was not at the festival.” It was the eldest of the children they called “The Cripple”, he was called Hans otherwise. As a little boy, he was the smartest and liveliest child, but he became all at once “loose in the legs”, as they call it, he could neither walk nor stand, and now he had been lying in bed for five years. “Yes, I got something for him too,” said the mother, “but it is nothing much, it is only a book to read.” “He won’t get fat on that,” said the father. But Hans was glad of it. He was a very clever boy who liked to read, but used his time also for working, so far as one who must always lie in bed could he useful. He was very handy, and knitted woollen stockings, and even bedcovers. The lady at the big house had praised and bought them. It was a story-book Hans had got; in it there was much to read and much to think about. “It is not of any kind of use here in the house,” said his parents, “but let him read, it passes the time, he cannot always be knitting stockings!” The spring came; flowers and green leaves began to sprout-the weeds also, as one may call the nettles, although the psalm speaks so nicely of them: Though kings in all their power and might Came forth in splendid row They could not make the smallest leaf Upon a nettle grow. There was much to do in the garden, not only for the gardener and his apprentice, but also for Kirsten and Ole. “It is perfect drudgery,” said they. “We have no sooner raked the paths and made them nice, than they are just trodden down again. There is such a run of visitors up at the house. How much it must cost! But the family are rich people!” “Things are badly divided,” said Ole; “the priest says we are all our Father’s children, why the difference then?” “It comes from the Fall!” said Kirsten They talked about it again in the evening, where cripple Hans lay with his story-book. Straitened circumstances, work, and drudgery, had made the parents not only hard in the hands, but also in their opinions and judgements; they could not grasp it, could not explain it, and made themselves more peevish and angry as they talked. “Some people get prosperity and happiness, others only poverty! Why should our first parents’ disobedience and curiosity be visited upon us? We would not have behaved ourselves as they did!” “Yes, we would!” said cripple Hans, all at once. “It is all here in the book.” “What is in the book?” asked the parents. And Hans read for them the old story of the wood-cutter and his wife. They also scolded about Adam’s and Eve’s curiosity, which was the cause of their misfortune. The king of the country came past just then. “Come home with me,” said he, “then you shall have it as good as I; seven courses for dinner and a course for show. That is in a closed tureen, and you must not touch it; for if you do, it is all over with your grandeur.” “What can there be in the tureen?” said the wife. “That does not concern us,” said the man. “Yes, I am not inquisitive,” said the wife, “but I would only like to know why we dare not lift the lid; it is certainly something delicate!” “If only it is not something mechanical,” said the man such as a pistol, which goes off and wakens the whole house.” “O my!” said the wife, and did not touch the tureen. But during the night she dreamt that the lid lifted itself, and from the tureen came a smell of the loveliest punch, such as one gets at weddings and funerals. There lay a big silver shilling with the inscription, “Drink of this punch, and you will become the two richest people in the world, and everybody else will become beggars!”—and the wife wakened at once and told her husband her dream. “You think too much about the thing!” said he. “We could lift it gently,” said the wife. “Gently,” said the man, and the wife then lifted the lid very gently. Then two little active mice sprang out, and ran at once into a mouse-hole. “Good night,” said the king. “Now you can go home and lie in your own bed. Don’t scold Adam and Eve any more, you yourselves have been as inquisitive and ungrateful!” “From where has that story come in the book?” said Ole. “It looks as if it concerned us. It is something to think about!” Next day they went to work again; they were roasted by the sun, and soaked to the skin with rain; in them were fretful thoughts, and they ruminated on them. It was still quite light at home after they had eaten their milk porridge. “Read the story of the wood-cutter to us again,” said Ole. “There are so many nice ones in the book,” said Hans, “so many, you don’t know.” “Yes, but I don’t care about them,” said Ole, “I want to hear the one I know.” And he and his wife listened to it again. More than one evening they returned to the story. “It cannot quite make everything clear to me,” said Ole. “It is with people as with sweet milk, which sours; some become fine cheese, and others the thin, watery whey; some people have luck in everything, sit at the high-table every day, and know neither sorrow nor want.” Cripple Hans heard that. He was weak in the legs, but clever in the head. He read to them from his story-book, read about “The man without sorrow or want”. Where was he to be found, for found he must be! The king lay sick and could not be cured, except by being dressed in the shirt which had been worn on the body of a man who could truthfully say that he had never known sorrow or want. Messages were sent to all the countries in the world, to all castles and estates, to all prosperous and happy men, but when it was properly investigated, every one of them had experienced sorrow and want. “That I have not!” said the swineherd who sat in the ditch and laughed and sang, “I am the happiest man!” “Then give us your shirt,” said the king’s messengers. “You shall be paid for it with the half of the kingdom.” But he had no shirt, and yet he called himself the happiest man. “That was a fine fellow,” shouted Ole, and he and his wife laughed as they had not laughed for a year and a day. Then the schoolmaster came past. “How you are enjoying yourselves!” said he, “that is something new in this house. Have you won a prize in the lottery?” “No, we are not of that kind,” said Ole. “It is Hans who has been reading his story-book to us, about ‘The man without sorrow or want’, and the fellow had no shirt. One’s eyes get moist when one hears such things, and that from a printed book. Every one has his load to draw, one is not alone in that. That is always a comfort.” “Where did you get that book?” asked the schoolmaster. “Our Hans got it more than a year ago at Christmastime. The master and mistress gave it to him. They know that he likes reading so much, and he is a cripple. We would rather have seen him get two linen shirts at the time. But the book is wonderful, it can almost answer one’s thoughts.” The schoolmaster took the book and opened it. “Let us have the same story again!” said Ole, “I have not quite taken it in yet. Then he must also read the other about the wood-cutter!” These two stories were enough for Ole. They were like two sunbeams coming into the poor room, into the stunted thought which made him so cross and ill-natured. Hans had read the whole book, read it many times. The stories carried him out into the world, there, where he could not go, because his legs would not carry him. The schoolmaster sat by his bed: they talked together, and it was a pleasure for both of them. From that day the schoolmaster came oftener to Hans, when the parents were at work. It was a treat for the boy, every time he came. How he listened to what the old man told him, about the size of the world and its many countries, and that the sun was almost half a million times bigger than the earth, and so far away that a cannon-ball in its course would take a whole twenty-five years to come from the sun to the earth, whilst the beams of light could come in eight minutes. Every industrious schoolboy -knew all that, but for Hans it was all new, and still more wonderful than what was in the story-book. The schoolmaster dined with the squire’s family two or three times a year, and he told how much importance the story-book had in the poor house, where two stories in it alone had been the means of spiritual awakening and blessing. The weakly, clever little boy had with his reading brought reflection and joy into the house. When the schoolmaster went away, the lady pressed two or three silver dollars into his hand for the little Hans. “Father and mother must have them!” said Hans, when the schoolmaster brought the money. And Ole and Kirsten said, “Cripple Hans after all is ,a profit and a blessing.” Two or three days after, when the parents were at work at the big house, the squire’s carriage stopped outside. It was the kind-hearted lady who came, glad that her Christmas present had been such a comfort and pleasure for the boy and his parents. She brought with her fine bread, fruit, and a bottle of fruit syrup, but what was still more delightful she brought him, in a gilt cage, a little blackbird., which could whistle quite charmingly. The cage with the bird was set up on the old clothes-chest, a little bit away from the boy’s bed; he could see the bird and hear it; even the people out in the road could hear its song. Ole and Kirsten came home after the lady had driven away; they noticed how glad Hans was, but thought there would only be trouble with the present he had got. “Rich people don’t have much foresight!” said they. “Shall we now have that to look after also? Cripple Hans cannot do it. The end will be that the cat will take it!” Eight days passed, and still another eight days: the cat had in that time been often in the room without frightening the bird, to say nothing of hurting it. Then a great event happened. It was afternoon. The parents and the other children were at work, Hans was quite alone; he had the story-book in his hand, and read about the fisherwoman who got everything she wished for; she wished , to be a king, and that she became; she wished to be an emperor, and that she became; but when she wished to become the good God, then she sat once more in the muddy ditch she had come from. The story had nothing to do with the bird or the cat, but it was just the story he was reading when the incident happened: he always remembered that afterwards. The cage stood on the chest, the cat stood on the floor and stared at the bird with his greeny-gold eyes. There was something in the cat’s face which seemed to say, “How lovely you are! How I should like to eat you!” Hans could understand that; he read it in the cat’s face. “Be off, cat!” he shouted, “will you go out of the room?” It seemed as if it were just about to spring. Hans could not get at him, and he had nothing else to throw at him but his dearest treasure, the story-book. He threw that, but the binding was loose, and it flew to one side, and the book itself with all its leaves flew to the other. The cat went with slow steps a little back into the room, and looked at Hans as much as to say, “Don’t mix yourself up in this affair, little Hans! I can walk, and I can spring, and you can do neither.” Hans kept his eye on the cat and was greatly distressed; the bird was also anxious. There was no one there to call; it seemed as if the cat knew it: it prepared itself again to spring. Hans shook the bed-cover at him; his hands he could use; but the cat paid no attention to the bed-cover; and when it was also thrown at him without avail, he sprang upon the chair and into the window-sill, where he was nearer to the bird. Hans could feel his own warm blood in himself, but he did not think of that, he thought only about the cat and the bird; the boy could not help himself out of bed, could not stand on his legs, still less walk. It seemed as if his heart turned inside him when he saw the cat spring from the window, right on to the chest and push the cage so that it was upset. The bird fluttered wildly about inside. Hans gave a scream; something gave a tug inside him, and without thinking about it, he jumped out of bed, flew across to the chest, tore the cat down, and got hold of the cage, where the bird was in a great fright. He held the cage in his hand and ran with it out of the door and out on to the road. Then the tears streamed out of his eyes; he shouted with joy, “I can walk! I can walk!” He had recovered his activity again; such things can happen, and it had happened to him. The schoolmaster lived close by; Hans ran in to him with his bare feet, with only his shirt and jacket on, and with the bird in the cage. “I can walk!” he shouted. “My God” and he sobbed and wept with joy. And there was joy in the house of Ole and Kirsten. “A more joyful day we could not see,” said both of them. Hans was called up to the big house; he had not gone that way for many years; it seemed as if the trees and the nut-bushes, which he knew so well, nodded to him and said, “Good day, Hans, welcome here!” The sun shone on his face as well as in his heart. The master and mistress let him sit with them, and looked as glad as if he had belonged to their own family. Gladdest of all was the lady, who had given him the story-book, given him the singing-bird, which was now as a matter of fact dead, dead of fright, but it had been the means of restoring him to health, and the book had brought the awakening of the parents: he had the book still, and he would keep it and read it if he were ever so old. Now he could be a benefit to those at home. He would learn a trade, by preference a bookbinder, “because,” said he, “I can get all the new books to read!” In the afternoon the lady called both parents up to her. She and her husband had talked together about Hans; he was a wise and clever boy: had pleasure in reading, and ability. That evening the parents came home joyfully from the farm, Kirsten in particular, but the week after she wept, for then little Hans went away: he was dressed in good clothes; he was a good boy; but now he must go away across the salt water, far away to school, and many years would pass before they would see him again. He did not get the story-book with him, the parents kept that for remembrance. And the father often read in it, but nothing except the two stories, for he knew them. And they got letters from Hans, each one gladder than the last. He was with fine people, in good circumstances, and it was most delightful to go to school; there was so much to learn and to know; he only wanted to remain there a hundred years and then be a schoolmaster. “If we should live to see it!” said the parents, and pressed each other’s hands, as if at communion. “To think of what has happened to Hans!” said Ole. Our Father thinks also of the poor man’s child! And that it should happen just with the cripple! Is it not as if Hans were to read it for us out of the story-book?

Смотреть далее | 04.07.2014 | Отправить ссылку друзьям

The Future in the Past Tense - Будущее в прошедшем времени

The Future in the Past Tense Кроме рассмотренных выше форм времени: Present, Past и Future в английском языке есть еще одна форма, которая не имеет соответствия в русском языке. Эта форма обозначает действие, являющееся будущим по отношению к определенному моменту в прошлом. Она так и называется – будущее в прошедшем – Future in the Past. Формы Future in the Past образуются: Все формы Future in the Past образуются аналогично соответствующим формам Future, только вместо вспомогательных глаголов shall, will употребляются формы их прошедшего времени should [ʃud] и would [wud]. Вопросительная и отрицательная формы образуются по тем же правилам, что и формы Future. Сокращенные формы: I should = I’d [aıd], we should = we’d [wı:d], he would = he’d [hı:d], they would = they’d [ðeıd], should not = shouldn’t [ʃudnt], would not = wouldn’t [wudnt]. Формы Future in the Past употребляются: В придаточных предложениях, если сказуемое главного предложения стоит в прошедшем времени. Как правило форма Future in the Past обозначает будущее действие, передаваемое глаголом придаточного предложения, которое следует за главным предложением, в котором действие обозначено глаголом в прошедшем времени. Употребление Future in the Past соответствующих форм (Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous Tense) аналогично употреблению параллельных форм Future. Indefinite: Future Future in the Past I don’t know what I shall do without him. – Я не знаю, что я буду делать без него. I didn’t know what I should do without him. - Я не знала, что я буду делать без него. She says she will come late. – Она говорит, что придет поздно. She said she would - Она сказала, что придет поздно. come late. I think I will come by the morningtrain. - Я думаю, что приеду утреннимпоездом. I thought I wouldЯ думал, что приеду утренним поездом. come by the morning train. -     Continuous: Future Future in the Past He says he will be reading at that time. - Он говорит, что будет читать в это время. He said he would be reading at that time. - Он сказал, что будет читать в это время. I think we will be working all day. - Я думаю, что мы будем работ. весь день. I thought we would be - Я думал, что мы будем работать весь день. working all day. She thinks you will be staying in town. – Она думает, что ты будешь жить в городе. She thought you would be - Она думала, что ты будешь жить в городе. staying in town.     Perfect: Future Future in the Past She says that she will have done her work by 6 o’clock. - Она говорит, что закончит свою работу к 6 часам. She said that she wouldОна сказала, что (уже) закончит свою работу к 6 часам. have done her work by 6 o’clock. - She says the cars will have gone a long way by eleven. – Она говорит, что к одиннадцати часам машины уедут далеко. She said the cars would have gone a long way by eleven. – Она сказала, что к одиннадцати часам машины уедут далеко. I hope she will have got supper ready by the time we get home. – Я надеюсь, что она уже приготовит ужин к нашему приходу. I hoped she would have got supper ready by the time we get home. – Я надеялся, что она уже приготовит ужин к нашему приходу.     Perfect Continuous: Future Future in the Past She says that by the next week her sister will have been studying in this class for 4 months. – Она говорит, что на следующей неделе исполнится 4 месяца, как ее сестра будет учиться в этом классе. She said that by the next week her sister would have been studying in this class for 4 months. – Она сказала, что на следующей неделе исполнится 4 месяца, как ее сестра будет учиться в этом классе. She says the cars will have been going for 3 hours by eleven. – Она говорит, что к одиннадцати машины будут ехать (в пути) уже три часа. She said the cars wouldhavebeen going for 3 hours by eleven. – Она сказала, что к одиннадцати машины будут в пути уже три часа. Форма Future in the Past обычно употребляется в придаточных предложениях после глаголов: say, tell говорить, сказать, think думать, полагать, know знать, believe верить, expect ожидать, полагать, hope надеяться и др., стоящих в прошедшем времени. Аналогично формам Future формы Future in the Past не употребляются в обстоятельственных предложениях времени и условия, вместо них употребляются соответствующие формы прошедшего времени: He was afraid that he wouldn’t find anybody at home when he came. Он боялся, что он не застанет никого дома, когда приедет.

Смотреть далее | 03.07.2014 | Отправить ссылку друзьям

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